小学英语语法汇总大纲

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可数名词与不可数名词“分家”

小学英语语法汇总大纲

一、 可数名词与不可数名词的区别

普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体,如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物,如people, family 等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质,如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念,如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。

二、 可数名词的家务事

可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下:

1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如:

book → books room → rooms

house → houses day → days

2. 以s, ss, ch, sh, x 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es 。如:

bus → buses glass → glasses

watch → watches

dish → dishes box → boxes

3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的名词,要先将y改为i再加-es。如:

city → cities body → bodies

factory → factories等等。

4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词,要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如:

half → halves leaf → leaves

knife → knives wife → wives

5. 特例 [悄悄话:特例常常考,要记住。]

① child → children

② man → men woman → women

policeman → policemen

(规律:man → men)

③ tomato → tomatoes potato → potatoes

[悄悄话: 初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es,

其余的当然加-s喽!如:photo → photos ]

④ foot → feet tooth → teeth [悄悄话: oo变成ee。]

⑤ sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形 [悄悄话:变复数时词形不变。]

⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义,要求谓语动词用复数; people的复数形式peoples通常指"多个民族"。

三、 不可数名词的家务事

1. 不可数名词没有复数,当它作句子的主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:

The food is very fresh. 食品很新鲜。

2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但他们的意义发生变化。如:

water (水) → waters (水域)

orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子)

3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数,表示种类时就可数,但意义大多不发生变化。如:

fruit → fruits food → foods

fish → fishes hair → hairs

*** 用所给名词的适当形式填空。

1. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill?

2. There is some________(food) in the basket.

3. The baby has only two________(tooth) now.

4. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.

5. There are five________(people ) in his family.

6. Let's take________(photo), OK?

7. I have lots of________(tomato) here.

8. The________(leaf) on the tree turn-yellow.

9. The________(child) are playing games on the playground now.

10. Their________(dictionary) look new.

11. I see you have a few white________(hair).

12. They are________(woman) doctors.

13. Can you give me some bottles of ____ (orange), please?

14. There are many________(fox) in the picture.

15. I would like some apple________(juice). I am very thirsty.

参考答案:

1. sheep 2. food 3. teeth 4. water 5. people 6. photos 7. tomatoes 8. leaves

dren ionaries ,hairs n ge s e

名词可数不可数“六注意”

一、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如:desk-desks, apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式,只有单数形式。如:some bread, a little milk等。

二、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词a(an),表示特指时,前面要用定冠词the;而不可数名词前不能用a(an)修饰,表示特指时,前面一定要用定冠词the。如:He is a factory worker.他是一名工人 one can see air. 没有人能看见空气。

三、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰,表示"一些,许多"。如:

There are some oranges on the desk. 桌子上有一些桔子。

There is a lot of water in the bottle. 瓶里有许多水。

四、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如:two apples, four books等。不可数名词前通常用"单位词+of"来表示数量。如: a piece of paper, three pieces of paper等。

五、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如:

This picture is very beautiful. 这幅画很美。

不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式,但是不可数名词前有复数"单位词"时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:

There are two cups of tea on the table. 桌上有两杯茶。

六、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many; 对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how much。 如:

How many apples are there in the box?盒子里有多少个苹果?

How much tea is there in the cup?杯里有多少茶水?

注意:对不可数名词前的"单位词"的修饰语提问时,疑问词用how many。 如:

How many pieces of bread are there on the plate?盘子里有多少片面包?

“行行色色”的名词所有格

在英语中,特别是表示有生命的名词,可以加's表示所属关系,名词的这种形式我们称之为名词的所有格。

一、名词词尾加's的所有格

1. 一般情况在名词后加's。例如: That girl's coat is in the room.

那个女孩的衣服在房间里。

2. 在以s结尾的名词(包括以s结尾的复数名词)后面,只加 '。 如果复数名词不是以s结尾的,末尾也要加's。例如:

Today is September 10th, Teachers' Day. 今天是九月十日,教师节

Children's Day is coming, I should buy something new for my son.

儿童节马上就要到了,我应该为我的儿子买一些新东西。

3. 表示词组内的并列名词各自的所有关系时,须在各个名词后加's;如果一个东西为两个人或者两个以上的人共同拥有,只在最后一个名词后面加's。例如:

They are John's and Kate's rooms. How beautiful they are! 这是约翰和凯特的房间。它们(指房间)太漂亮了!

He is Lily and Lucy's father. 他是莉莉和露西的爸爸。

4. 表示某人的家、店铺等的所有格,一般可以省略它后面所修饰的名词。

例如: My father and I will have dinner at the Johnson's (home ).

我爸爸和我将要去约翰逊的家吃晚饭。

We will have our hair cut at the barber's(shop) tomorrow afternoon.

明天下午我们要去理发店理发。

5. 有些指时间、距离、国家、城镇等的名词,也可以加's构成所有格。

例如: There is something important in today's newspaper.

今天的报纸上有一些重要的东西。

It's about ten minutes' walk from school to our home every day.

每天从学校到我们家步行大约需要十分钟。

6. 英语名词所有格修饰的词,如果前面已经提到过,后面则可以省略,以防止重复。例如:This is not Dick's dictionary, but is Tom's.

这不是迪克的字典,但是是汤姆的。

二、由of短语构成的所有格

1. 表示“无生命的名词”一般与of构成短语,表示所有关系。例如:

There is a river on the other side of the road. 在公路的另一边有一条河。

2. 有时我们用名词 + of +名词所有格构成双重所有格的形式。例如:

This is a photo of Mr Brown's. 这是一张布朗先生的照片。

不用定冠词”the”的八项纪律

一、定冠词不与表示一类人或事物的复数名词连用。例如:

1. I like reading the books.(×)

I like reading books.(√)

2. She likes the cats.(×)   She likes cats.(√)

二、定冠词不能用在某些习惯用语中的名词前面。例如:

1. I have lunch at the noon.(×)

I have lunch at noon.(√)

2. We go to school by the bus.(×)

We go to school by bus.(√)

三、定冠词不能用在某些专用名词和不可数名词前面。例如:

1. I like the China.(×)   I like China.(√)

2. Would you like a cup of the water? (×)

Would you like a cup of water?(√)

四、定冠词不能用在节日、日期、月份、季节前面。例如:

1. Today is the Teachers’ Day. (×) Today is Teachers’ Day.(√)

2. He was born in the May in 1987. (×) He was born in May in 1987. (√)

五、定冠词不能用在表示称呼语或某些头衔的名词前面(尤其作表语、宾补时)。

例如: 1. Good morning, the sir!(×) Good morning, sir! (√)

2. I need some help, the Mummy.(×) I need some help, Mummy.(√)

六、定冠词不能与名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等

代词连用。例如: 1. This the pen is mine. (×) This pen is mine.(√)

2. I have the some money. (×) I have some money. (√)

七、定冠词不能用在表示科目名词的前面。例如:

1. We will learn the Chinese, the history and the Maths this afternoon. (×)

We will learn Chinese, history and Maths this afternoon.(√)

2. The English is the most interesting of all the subjects.(×)

English is the most interesting of all the subjects.(√)

八、定冠词不能用在三餐和球类运动名词的前面。例如:

1. She goes to school after the breakfast every morning.(×)

She goes to school after breakfast every morning.(√)

2. We often play the football after school. (×)

We often play football after school. (√)

介词 for 的用法小结

1. 表示“当作、作为”。如:

I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。

What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么?

2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如:

Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。

Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。

Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。

3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如:

Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。

Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。

4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:

I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。

We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。

5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如:

Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。

I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。

I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。

6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如:

It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。

Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。

7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如:

Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划?

8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如:

Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁?

For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。

并列连词“欢聚一堂”

Mr. And:大家好!我是And,把英语句子翻译成汉语时大家经常看不见我的影子,可是在英语中却必不可少。我的任务是把两个或两个以上的有并列关系、动作先后关系或者是有条件和结果关系的句子连接起来。

After lunch Aunt Huang came in and she looked worried. 午饭后黄阿姨进来了,她看起来很着急。(表示并列关系)

Mary brushed her teech and she went to bed.

玛丽刷完牙,然后上床睡觉。(表示动作先后关系)

Use your head, and you'll find a good way. 动动脑筋,你就会找到好的方法。(表示条件和结果)该句相当于If you use your head, you'll find a good way.

"祈使句,+and + 一般将来时的句子"这是一个固定句型,表示"如果做到了祈使句表示的事情,就会有后面句子表示的结果。"如:

Work hard, and you will pass the exam. 努力学习,你就会通过考试。

Miss But:Hello, everyone! 我是Miss But。我的工作是把两个意思相反或相对的句子连接起来。我的同事还有:yet (可是),while (而)等。大家请看:

I heard a big noise and I looked out, but I didn't see anything.

我听到一声巨响,就往外看,但是我什么也没看见。

I'm poor, but I always enjoy myself. 我很穷,但是我总是过得很开心。

My elder brother likes playing basketball while I like playing football. 我哥哥喜欢打篮球,而我喜欢踢足球。

我是Mr. So. "因此"、"所以"就是我的口头禅。我能迅速地把含有因果关系的两个简单句连接起来。下面请看我的才艺表演。

This is our first lesson, so I don't know all your names.

这是我们的第一节课,因此并不是所有人的名字我都知道。

I am rich, so I can buy myself lots of nice things.

我很富裕,所以我能给自己买很多好东西。

我有一个好朋友Mr. For,他的性格与我很相似,他也喜欢寻根究底,只不过他注重原因,我注重结果。

He shook his head, for he thought differently.

他摇头(表示否决),因为他有不同的见解。

我是Miss Or,我是一个和蔼可亲的人,一般情况下我不会强迫某人去做某一件事情,我可以让他(她)自己做出选择。有时,我也会比较严厉,这时候我会用命令的语气说"做好某事,否则(要不然)就会……"。让我给大家献个"丑"吧!

You may do it yourself, or you can ask someone to help you.

你可以自己做,你也可以请人来帮你。

Work hard, or you can't pass the exam.(= If you don't work hard,

you can't pass the exam.)努力学习,否则你就会考试不及格。

"祈使句,+ or + 一般将来时的句子"是一个固定句型,表示"如果不做到祈使句表示的事情,就会有后面句子表示的结果。"

并列句的特点是:并列句必须由两个或两个以上的主语、谓语结构组成,并且它们之间互不依从,通常它们之间由并列连词连接,去掉连词后它们都可以独立成句。

如果一个主语有两个或两个以上的谓语动词;或者有两个或两个以上的主语,却只有一个谓语动词不是并列句。例如:

He closed the window, put on his coat, opened the door and went out.

他关上窗户,穿上大衣,打开门出去了。

Jim , Tom and I are in the same class. 我和吉姆、汤姆在同一个班。

巩固练习:

1. Be careful, _________ you will fall off the tree.

a. so b. or c. but d. and

2. Never give up, _____ you'll make it. a. and b. but c. or d. yet

3. Lucy and Lily are twins. Lucy likes playing basketball,

_________ Lily doesn't. a. and b. as c. but d. or

4. Mr Brown knows little Japanese, _________ he can't understand the instructions(用法说明)on the bottle of the pills.

a. so b. or c. but d. for

5. My uncle doesn't have much money, ______ he always enjoys himself.

a. but b. so c. and d. or

介词 for 的用法小结

1. 表示“当作、作为”。如:

I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。

What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么?

2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如:

Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。

Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。

Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。

3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如:

Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。

Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。

4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:

I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。

We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。

5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如:

Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。

I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。

I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。

6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。

如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。

Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。

7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如:

Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划?

8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如:

Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁?

For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。

with 用法全屏显示

with 是介词,但其意义颇多,一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪,请允许我以教材中的句子为例,进行分类,并配以简单的解释,为同学作一个全屏显示。你们可要看好哟!

1. 带着,牵着…… (表动作特征)。如:

Run with the kite like this.

2. 附加、附带着……(表事物特征)。如:

A glass of apple juice, two glasses of coke, two hamburgers with potato chips, rice and fish.

3. 和…… (某人)一起。

a. 跟某人一起(居住、吃、喝、玩、交谈……) 。如:

Now I am in China with my parents.

Sometimes we go out to eat with our friends.

He / She's talking with a friend.

b. 跟go, come 连用,有 "加入"到某方的意思。如:

Do you want to come with me?

4. 和play一起构成短语动词play

with 意为"玩耍……,玩弄……" 如:

Two boys are playing with their yo-yos.

5. 与help 一起构成 ...句式,意为"帮助 (某人) 做 (某事)"。如:

On Monday and Wednesday, he helps his friends with their English.

6. 表示面部神情,有"含着……,带着……" 如:

"I'm late for school," said Sun Yang, with tears in his eyes.

7. 表示 "用……" 如:

You play it with your feet. What do the farmers do with your machines?

8. 表示 "对……, 关于……"。如:

What's wrong with it? There's something wrong with my computer.

一般现在时自述

一般现在时, 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如:The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如:I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。

3.表示客观现实。如:The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

第二,请看我的面目--构成:

1. be动词:主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:

I am a boy.我是一个男孩。

2.行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:

We study English.我们学习英语。

当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。

第三,我的变化--否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句:

1. be动词的变化。

否定句:主语+ be + not +其它。

如:He is not a worker.他不是工人。

一般疑问句:Be +主语+其它。

如:-Are you a student?

-Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.

特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:Where is my bike?

2.行为动词的变化。

否定句:主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。如:

I don't like bread.

当主语为第三人称单数时,要用doesn't构成否定句。如:

He doesn't often play.

一般疑问句:Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。如:

- Do you often play football?

- Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

当主语为第三人称单数时,要用does构成一般疑问句。如:

- Does she go to work by bike?

- Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.

特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:How does your father go to work?

揭开“第三人称单数”的秘密

一、第三人称代词 he, she, it 作主语时。例如:

She is very good at English. 她英语学得好。

He studies in a middle school. 他在一所中学学习。

二、单独使用的人名、地名或称呼语作主语时。例如:

Jim often plays football with his friends.吉姆经常和他的朋友们踢足球。

Does Uncle Wang like making things? 王叔叔喜欢做东西吗?

三、不可数名词作主语时。例如:

Is there any juice in the bottle? 瓶里有果汁吗?

四、单数可数名词作主语时。例如:

The box is in your room. 箱子在你的房间里。

What is that girl doing over there? 那女孩在那边干什么?

五、单个数字、算式或单个字母作主语时。例如:

Three plus nine is twelve. 三加九等于十二。

"I" is an English letter. "I" 是个英语字母。

六、指示代词this, that等作主语时。例如:

This is her red pen. 这是她的红钢笔。

七、代词one作主语时。例如:

One of them is watching TV. 他们中的一个人正在看电视。

八、不定代词something, anything, nothing 等作主语时。例如:

There's something wrong with the computer. 这台电脑坏了。

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